Pyramids and ziggurats Essay Example For Students

Pyramids and ziggurats Essay There are numerous likenesses (and contrasts) between Ancient Egyptian Pyramids, Mesopotamian ziggurats, and the pyramids of Pre-Columbian South America. Every one of them had significant criticalness for their people groups societies and strict convictions, just as having memorable centrality today. The best equal between these old high rises is that they were made for the higher classes of these now old human advancements. The Egyptians constructed the vast majority of these societies. More than 90 imperial pyramids were delivered between around 2500 BC 1500 BC. An overwhelming undertaking thinking about that the greater part of these pyramids were constructed not even close to the provisions expected to make them. Monster stones were utilized, over a million for each pyramid and most stones weighed around 2 tons. The pyramids were essentially tremendous tombs for lords and sovereigns. They were viewed as doors among earth and life following death. The Egyptians accepted that the dead eminences soul could leave the body and travel through the sky with the sun every day. At the point when the sun set in the west, the regal spirits subsided into their pyramid tombs to reestablish themselves. The preserved body would be put in these tombs encompassed by significant natural belongings and symbolic representations recounting to their accounts. Encompassing the pyramids were morgue sanctuaries where embalmme nt occurred and where minister preformed customs. The pyramids structure developed throughout the years when they were worked, from a stage plan to the now interchangeable smooth triangle. The biggest and most renowned pyramid is that of King Khufu, in Giza, which is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World, and the just one remaining. Resembling the pyramids in Egypt were the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (which means between two streams, the Tigress and Euphrates) started making these structures around about 2000 BC. They were made of blocks that they created on the structures work site. There were sun-evaporated blocks to make the strong within the ziggurat, and there were furnace terminated blocks that made up the structures veneer. These blocks were a lot littler than the stones utilized in Egypt and furthermore didn't need to be brought from far away. A portion of the ziggurats were based on more seasoned ones. Like Egyptian pyramids, the ziggurat was accepted to be a sort of portal among paradise and earth, however not at all like the pyramids, the ziggurats where not tombs for rulers. Or maybe they were accepted to be the natural homes of divine beings. Egyptians manufactured their huge structures outside of major populated regions. Be that as it may, the ziggurats were in unmistakable zones. Urban communities had their own benefactor god or goddess (a few places even had two ziggurats, one for a divine force of both genders) and clerics were the main ones permitted into these sanctuaries. They had the pleasure of taking into account the requirements of the divine beings and were amazing figures in their particular networks. Mesopotamians additionally assembled the Tower of Babel, which should have been worked as scaffold from earth to paradise. It was in all probability situated in Neo-Babylonia (home of the Hanging Gardens) and was additionally one of the Seven Wonders of the World, despite the fact that it does not exist anymore. It had been wrecked and remade on various occasions over, evidently estimating in at 300 feet high and 300 square feet at its base when it was at its biggest size. The size, shape, and thoughts behind the ziggurats and the pinnacle have made due as cutting edge minarets. They are the regular advancement of these antiquated structures. They are tall and elegant and are related with mosques and the Islamic religion. They, as were ziggurats, are accepted to be a portal among paradise and earth. .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .postImageUrl , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:visited , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:active { border:0!important; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:active , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2538 597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: American Psycho College Essay PaperLike the ziggurats and minarets, South American Pre-Columbian (before 1492/white individuals) pyramids were sacred spots. The pyramids were utilized by numerous South American social orders including the Aztecs, Mayans, Incas, and Olmecs, among others, and were completely made during the initial barely any hundreds of years after Christ. These pyramids were sanctuaries utilized for human penances to the divine beings, and the areas of many mass functions. At the highest point of the pyramid would sit the teocalli, which was the home of the god. Individuals accepted that offering the di vine beings human blood and hearts would ensure the sustainment of their social orders and would at last bring thriving. Like the ziggurats, the pyramids were situated in major populated zones, and were normally the focal point of their networks. Another equal between these structures were that they were both strong inside. Increasingly like blessed man made slopes, instead of working living spaces. These South American pyramids were likewise constructed utilizing supplies and stones nearby. Within was an enormous heap of rubble and afterward the outside was developed around it. Like their Egyptian partners, individuals of high significance were covered in these pyramids. The best inquiry Ive come to have, including these radiant old structures, is whats the association between the social orders of the Middle East and those of South America? What might move them to assemble these dismal manifestations resembling each other a large number of miles and years away? Is there something inactive in man to need to arrive at the sky? To be near your god? Is it Aliens? BIBLIOGRAPHYMSN Encarta Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Britannica OnlineWikipedia Online EncyclopediaAncient Egypt Magazine OnlineArtdaily.org, Online Magazine

Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay examples -- Shakespeare Ch

Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello Iago has numerous intentions in devastating different characters in the play. One of these is envy. Iago is envious of Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and even his own significant other, Emilia. He is envious of Othello for numerous reasons. Iago needs the force and the regard that Othello has. We see this in Act 2 scene 1 where Iago says ‘the moor-howbeit I suffer him not-is of a consistent, cherishing, respectable nature’ which insights that he needs what Othello has as they are the two contrary energies and these traits might be the ones he should pick up power. Iago is envious of Othello’s marriage with the senator’s little girl as it gives Othello much more force and an appealing spouse he begrudges Othello for his better half as he states ‘I do cherish her too’ which propose that Iago may have sentiments towards Desdemona making him progressively desirous of what Othello has. Additionally Iago is rough and supremacist and consistently considers Othello the ‘moor’ which is a bigot term. This could be the purpose behind his desire as he finds the way that Othello is above him very unnatural. In his discourse, Iago states ‘he’s done my office’ alluding to Othello, which implies Othello has laid down with his better half creation him much more desirous, despite the fact that he doesn't have a clue whether it is valid or not. Iago is likewise desirous of Desdemona. He needs to be in her place-he needs to be a persuasive individual to Othello-he needs to be nearer to him along these lines closer to control. He curves the way that Othello is enthusiastic and fixated on Desdemona furthering his own potential benefit. We see this when Iago states that he will ‘put the field at any rate into a desire so solid that judgment can't cure’ implying that Iago will utilize... ...om Cassio) with his words and need not use them any longer. We are left to make our own personalities up regarding why Iago did it. There are implies to a great extent yet at the same time we don't have any acquaintance with him well enough to finish up what his reasons were from the proof we get all through the play. We can't be certain that Iago was letting us know his actual contemplations in his talks about Othello and Cassio having laid down with Emilia. May be he is motiveless: he just develops motivations to be awful. We don't know about the issue circumstance anyplace outside Iagos speeches. He says himself ‘I am not what I am’ so does this not imply that anything he is by all accounts he isn't and all that he says is a falsehood. I accept that Iago is the character with the most profundity that I have ever experienced so much profundity that it turns out to be practically incomprehensible to dissect him.

How to Write an Essay for Any Subject

How to Write an Essay for Any SubjectThe real trick to writing a decent essay is not really hard at all - but people do not seem to understand that simple truth. So here's how you can write an essay for any subject with a few sample essays.The thing about essay samples for rubbish is that they are not that easy. It's just that you need to get used to the right way of writing and thinking about writing essays. Here are some tips to help you out.The first tip is to make sure that you choose a topic that is not too difficult to find good examples for. Don't let yourself get bogged down by trying to think of stuff for every single topic you may come across. In fact, you need to stay away from the subject in question if you want to use a sample essay for rubbish.Another tip that you should follow if you want to use essay samples for rubbish is to really get into the details. Focus on getting a good idea of the point of the essay and not on just making it short. In fact, this can help you to focus on the points that need to be made, as they will be more specific and put things in the right context. Just make sure that you are focusing on the important stuff.The next tip is that you really need to take a good idea of what you will be writing about and try to get it down into your own words. You can do this with writing samples for rubbish. There are sites online where you can just take a piece of writing and print it out. However, this is a very good idea if you have little or no experience in writing.I personally find it much easier to do things like this than to hire a professional to do it for me. At least with this you know that the work you are doing is pretty much your own and you can rewrite it any way you want.After you have gotten a good idea of how to go about writing articles and essays, here are a few sample essays you can use for anything. So check them out and see what kind of content you can write for different subjects.

Carl Jung s Influence On Life Experience - 1839 Words

Carl Jung has defined introversion as â€Å"withdrawn and often shy, and tend to focus on themselves along with their own thoughts and/or feelings.† Jung also found that everyone starts off with introversion and extroversion, but with time and life experience only the dominant one is the one that shows Therefore, for example two young children going through different life experience can both end up being either extroverts or introvert. If one child has difficulty making friends or tends to be shy, they will most likely be introverts. While the other child is very sociable, energetic, and likes to be around people will most likely be extroverts. Gordon Allport based introversion through expressive behavior, which is usually shown spontaneously without purpose and through the unconscious mind. Theoretical Perspectives and Explanations of Neopsychoanalytical and Trait Perspective Carl Jung was inspired by Sigmund Freud based on personal experiences and/or dreams that cause certain behaviors and personality traits to appear. Thus, causing the creation of the neopsychoanalytical approach. Just like Freud, Jung was intrigued with the perspective of libido (also known as psychic energy) and how it is diffused. Jung stated two ways psychic energy is distributed, externally and internally. Going along with the psychic energy, Jung believed that introverts and extroverts had different ways of distributing their psychic energy. Such as introverts are known to be â€Å"withdrawn and often shy,Show MoreRelatedThe Influences Of C. G. Jung1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of C. G. Jung Carl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoveries and theories, they were not conceivedRead MoreCarl Jung s Theory Of The Mind Challenged The Existing Dogma1533 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoverie s and theories, they were not conceived without external insight. SocialRead MoreSigmund Freud, Neurologist And Founder Of Psychoanalysis,1320 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud, neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, paved the way of dream interpretation with little competition or suspicion to his discoveries. That was until the rise of his former advocate, Carl Jung, began to challenge the founders beliefs. While working together, Jung and Freud explored the human mind and jointly agreed on the separation of the conscious and unconscious. Within the unconscious and dreams there was a mutual understanding of the need to identify and interpret symbols.Read MoreNeo Analytic And Ego Aspects Of Personality Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesemerged as theorist including Carl Jung, Alfred Alder, Erik Erickson and Karen Horney stressed Freud’s ideas regarding sexuality, early experience, socialization and the unconscious mind were misguided (King, 2013). Carl Jung, who li ved from 1875 to 1961 and was considered Freud’s prodigy, grew up in Switzerland. 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The unconscious is a primary focus in psychoanalytic theory due to its typical development in childhood and the ways in which it influences nearly every detail of an individual’s life. The unconscious mind also holds unvented memories and unexpressed urges that make their process into the conscious mind through a variety of different means. However, topographical theory of the mind states that consciousRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Greek Mythology1438 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays people remember Ancient Greece somewhat, pieces here and there, taught briefly in your common high school global history class. What most people often forget is that the Ancient Greeks were and still are such a great i nfluence towards our Western culture. Of course, they are not the only ones who have contributed to our knowledgeable society. Though, when it comes to the category of psychology I believe that the Ancient Greeks contributed the most, specifically with their mythology. A mythRead MoreCarl Jung s Theory Of Psychology Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesCarl Jung - Theory 1 Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and created the idea, and established the school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. Jung felt as if he was both a extroverted and introverted person, as if he had two personalities. Jung had a lonely childhood and observed his family and the adults in his life. He watched over his parents and teachers, in order to understand their behaviorRead MoreCarl Jung And Alfred Adler1517 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Unfortunately, the society disbanded due to opposing views. Some of their opposing views and beliefs surrounding Freud s Psychodynamic Theory. During the early 1900s, as a result of Freud s clinical experiences with patients, he developed the Psychodynamic theory. He developed the psychodynamic theory in hopes of explaining how a person’s life experiences, dictate their behavior. This theory was not widely accepted among his cohorts. Carl Jung believedRead MoreHamlet : Jungian Perspectives On Psychology And Religion1558 Words   |  7 Pagesnevertheless have a great influence on behavior. The influence of Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Gustav Jung’s work in analytical psychology has never been more prominent in texts than it is today. â€Å"Introversion and â€Å"extroversion† have become standard words. Most people are aware of the connection between the â€Å"individual psyche† and the â€Å"collective unconscious.† Many of us have secretly wondered about our own â€Å"complex neurosis.† The influence of the darker â€Å"shadow† side of life is the subject

Concept Analysis On Electronic Health Records - 2383 Words

Concept Analysis on Electronic Health Records NUR-531: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Demitra Love Dr. Gwen Morse July 28th 2015 Introduction I still remember the days before EHR were started. I was working as a Health Unit Coordinator, and was responsible for getting the patient’s charts together and all the required forms that will be used for the patient doing there admission. The charts were broken down upon patient discharge, and sent to medical records. The charts would have to be requested again from medical records in the event that the patient was admitted again at a later date, and the physicians and nurses would have to go through the charts to review the patient’s history. Health Care has come a long way since then. In this paper there will a discussion and examination on the current use of electronic health records and its relationship to health care. All of the providers and nurses that are responsible for the patient’s care, are able to review and share information on the patient. Any nursing care information that is beyond the basic compliance data, is not often included in the d ata that is being stored though EHR Today, nursing care data, beyond basic compliance data, is very seldom included in this data which is being stored electronically, even though there are studies that showing that including nursing problems will improve the accuracy of healthcare cost and patient outcomes. Welton, Halloran, and Zone-Smith (2006). ByShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Concept Analysis For Clinical Practice1254 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Concept Analysis to Clinical Practice Introduction The article is â€Å"eHealth: A Concept Analysis from a Nursing Perspective† from the Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, written by Jeff Reed of Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University. 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Managers represent the patient’s in matters of privacy and security, information release, issues and guidelines regarding record access, and general public education about personal health records. They specialize in managing patient health information and medical records, administering computer information systems, and classifying using

Speech To The Benefactors free essay sample

When I found out I would be speaking tonight, I figured it would be appropriate to open my speech with a scholarly quote. So†¦ I chose some lyrics from the infamous Asher Roth song, I Love College. â€Å"I wanna go to college for the rest of my life. I can get pizza for a dollar a slice. Man, I love college, AY!!! Man, I love college.† Now, while it is true that pizza for a dollar a slice is really awesome, that’s certainly not the only reason why I’m here in college. My life has taken me in a certain direction which has led me to this point. And it’s taken a lot more than just some good test scores and an application essay to do it. It’s been the people that have influenced me, and the experiences I’ve had along the way. And it has been an adventurous ride. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech To The Benefactors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I was younger I lived in Ireland, where education standards and curriculums are much different than the ones here in America. Even at the age of eight, I was fascinated by the differences of education and how education actually worked. I fell in love with learning, as nerdy as that sounds, and knew that I would go on to college, or, as they say in Ireland, university, to learn as much as I could. Along the way, I’ve had some pretty amazing people enter my life, all of whom have had great impacts and influence on me. My dad is one person in particular who stands out to me, because of his Carpe Diem philosophy. He’s been telling me to â€Å"Carpe Diem† since I was five, and I had no idea what that meant at the time, but I’ve realized that it is truly something to live by, especially while in college. Outside of my family, one of my favourite people of all time, my Speech and Debate coach, Ms. Harrington, has been the frontrunner of influential people in my life. At first, she was just a coach, teaching me how to dramatically interpret prose and poetry. I soon found however, that the skills she taught me and the philosophies she embodied applied to more than just the coaching sessions. She taught me to find and take advantage of the â€Å"Aha!† moment during a dramatic performance, in order to capture the true essence of the piece. But she als o taught me to find and take advantage of the â€Å"Aha!† moment in everyday life, that moment where things come together, and the world perceives you as something special; capturing the true essence of the person. For me, my education at Penn State thus far has been a giant â€Å"Aha!† moment, and the scholarship that I am here for tonight will certainly help me continue down this remarkable path. And the path is always more difficult to travel down than one expects. There are always obstacles and anxieties, and always seeming to never have enough time to study for every test you ever take, but it’s part of the experience. I’m driven by experience, the ones I’ve had in the past, the ones I’m in currently, and the ones I want to have in the future. Thanks to the scholarship I’m receiving, I’m able to continue to have those exciting future experiences. And just like the lyrics from that ridiculous song by Asher Roth, â€Å"Man, I love college.† Thank you.

James Heavey Marketing Strategy Assignment 1 Essay Example

James Heavey Marketing Strategy Assignment 1Â   Essay As the market environment changes, managers have to adapt their strategies and organisation. Unless these changes are made, the business will no longer fit the needs of the moment it will be made obsolete by changes in customer wants, new technologies and new competitors that have adapted more effectively (Doyle, 2002, pp. 405-406) Introduction: The marketing environment is a complex constellation of demands and constraints that a firm faces as it attempts to compete and grow. These can be both external and internal. The firm has the power to directly affect some but, by no means, all of the areas in the environment. Those areas beyond the firms control are constantly changing in various ways, it is the responsibility of the firm to take notice of and bring on board any successful changes or advances made in the industry. In the same way they need to identify problems affecting the industry as a whole and react accordingly to minimise negative effect. We will write a custom essay sample on James Heavey Marketing Strategy Assignment 1Â   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on James Heavey Marketing Strategy Assignment 1Â   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on James Heavey Marketing Strategy Assignment 1Â   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consumer satisfaction is the ultimate goal of the marketing environment. Method: The marketing environment surrounds the consumer and the marketing mix. Consumers and businesses are affected by the forces of the marketing environment. Businesses must determine a marketing strategy, implemented through the aspects of the marketing mix, which aims to satisfy themselves and customers. According to Dibb, the marketing environment is the external forces that directly or indirectly influence an organisations acquisition of inputs and generation of outputs, comprising six categories of forces: Political/legal, Economic, Societal/green (environmental) and Technological. This is also known as the PEST Analysis. Inputs that are affected include personnel, financial resources, raw materials and information etc. The outputs identified by Dibb are information (e.g. advertisements), packages, goods, services and ideas. There are three key sections to the marketing environment, these are the micro environment, the macro environment and the internal environment. The micro marketing environment contains external forces that influence a firm directly. Micro forces include suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, situation and company specific, buyers, the business internal environment and the companys publics. The main micro forces are: The business internal environment: The internal environment consists of top management, finance, research and development, purchasing, sales and marketing, manufacturing and logistics. All these departments must be taken into account when designing market strategies and marketing mix programmes. Marketers must be aware of organisational factors, monitor them and modify their actions accordingly to ensure internal commencement of their marketing ideas. Suppliers: Businesses should recognise the importance of suppliers as without them there would be no end product to sell to consumer. Marketers need to be aware of aspects of supply which might, directly or indirectly, affect the ability of the firm to deliver a quality product to the consumer. Aspects such as; supplier innovations, existing deals with competitors, supply shortages, delays, strikes, recruitment difficulties, legal actions, warranty disputes, supply costs and price trends, new entrants into supply chain, or any other aspect that may affect the natural transfer of goods from supplier to manufacturer. Marketing Intermediaries: These are made up of resellers retailers, wholesalers, agents, brokers dealers and physical distributors for logistical needs, providers of marketing services, and financial facilitators of credit lines and export guarantees. Without these intermediaries, a business is unlikely to be able to deliver its products as expected by consumers. Buyers: People tend to be more willing to buy when they have buying power. Buying power can be influenced by the products absolute price, its price relative to alternative products, brand image and quality, reliability. Other reasons why consumers willingness to spend may be affected are personal expectations about future employment, income levels, prices, family size and general economic conditions. If the responses to these factors are positive then buying will increase as people will obtain more disposable income. Alternatively, if the responses are negative then buying power will decrease. The macro environment consists of all the external factors that can influence a firm, but are beyond their direct control. The macro environment is the PEST analysis. Political/legal: Government policy can have a major impact on the operation of a business. For example, laws on competitive practices will influence the number of firms operating in an industry and therefore strength of the competition. Health and safety legislation will affect work practices and production costs. Marketing tactics will be limited by consumer legislation. The political environment is of particular relevance in countries where governments are unstable and therefore investment risks are high. Economic: Economic factors will influence the future potential profit of a business. The level of consumer demand is a key variable affecting the quantity of sales and the price at which output can be sold. Interest rates will determine the cost of finance to the company. Final profits will be taxed by the government. The economic cycle of recession and recovery is a big influence on the opportunities and threats to the firm. Societal/green: Consumers reflect changes in lifestyles over time. This means businesses must observe shifts in the characteristics and habits of the population. Especially where these influence segments of the existing market, e.g., as the UK population ages, new opportunities open up such as holidays aimed specifically at older people. Demographic variations may also represent a threat to companies, e.g., a fall in the birth rate would negatively affect the competitive position of Mothercare. Consumers and governments are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of business upon the environment. Organisations must now monitor their actions and consider their environmental implications. An issue of this kind can influence the corporate image of an organisation The resulting publicity can be devastating and could damage the effectiveness of the firms promotional activities. Technological: An external audit must monitor developments in technology. These can affect the production methods employed by the organisation, or the products/services offered for sale. A new manufacturing technique might make existing production too expensive for the business to remain profitable. A product may become obsolete because new technology has developed a more effective substitute. However, changes in technology also offer opportunities, such as the potential to break into new markets by producing a new, radically different, product offering. These factors are continuously changing so the firm must be sufficiently flexible to adapt to new conditions. The final environment is the internal environment. This is all the factors that are internal to the firm. The internal environment is of equal importance to the external when a firm is required to cope with change. The internal environment is also known as the marketing mix. The marketing mix is marketing tool. It is a checklist. The marketing mix focuses its attention on the various elements of marketing needed to carry out the marketing strategy and meet the needs of the customers. There are four parts to the marketing mix product, price, promotion and place. Product: Businesses must make sure their product is meeting the needs of their customers. This means paying close attention to a number of product features; how consumers will use the product, the appearance of the product, and financial factors (unless a product is deemed to be value for money it is unlikely to be purchased). Price: The pricing policy that a business chooses is often a reflection of the market at which it is aiming. Prices will not always be set at the level which will maximise sales or short run profits. There are three pricing strategies for the existing product, these are: Price leader the business will set the market price. Price taker the business will match the market price. Predator the business will undercut the market price. Promotion: There are a variety of promotional methods a firm can use including above the line promotions, such as TV advertising, and below the line promotions such as personal selling. A firm will choose a promotion method it feels is likely to be most effective in the market in which it operates. National television advertising will only be reserved for those products with a high sales turnover or wide appeal. Place: This refers to the means by which the product will be distributed to the consumer. The product must get to the right place at the right time. This means making decisions about the way in which the product will be physically distributed i.e., air, sea, rail or road. It also means taking into account how the product is sold. This could be by mail direct from the manufacturer or through retail outlets such as supermarkets. All these environmental factors in the marketing environment must be assessed and acted upon. Marketers can respond to environmental factors in two ways, either accept them as uncontrollable or confront and mould them as best they can to work with the product. If environmental forces are viewed as uncontrollable, the organisation remains passive and reactive towards the environment. The marketer will adjust marketing strategies to suit the environmental changes rather than vice versa. Alternatively, marketers who believe environmental forces can be shaped adopt a proactive approach. Once they identify what blocks a marketing opportunity, marketers can assess the power of the various parties involved and develop strategies to try to overcome these environmental forces. Results: The Marketing Environment Model: (from Marketing Concepts and Strategies Dibb, Simkin, Pride Ferrel, 2001) . In the Marketing Environment Model the nearer the environmental force is to the centre of the circle, the more directly it affects the consumer and their feelings towards the product British Airways and the Airline Industry: The airline industry has been rife with change ever since the New York terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001. The whole marketing environment has been affected so it seems a suitable and effective choice. Although British Airways is not an American airline it has still been greatly affected. The vast reduction of people travelling trans-Atlantic has meant a huge drop in revenue and, in turn, profits. Along with this factor, British Airways (or BA) has suffered the same fate of all airlines as public confidence in the safety of planes has dwindled leaving almost empty planes and cancelled flights. BA first had to review safety policies before tackling any other problems and it was vital they stayed in touch with the advances of their competitors as any bad press in the wake of such a terrible disaster could last long in the memory of the public. PEST Analysis for British Airways: Political/legal: Since 9/11, as it has since become known, the government brought in stricter policies for security at airports and new requirements on board aircraft, e.g. inaccessible cockpits. The amount of security personnel has been increased and luggage is now inspected more frequently and effectively. Passengers are also now checked twice for any hidden items. The government also introduced a partnership with industry to help restore passenger confidence in flying. Economical: The Stock Market entered a recession on 9/11 and trading had to be suspended for fear of total collapse. While recent economic indicators give evidence that we are emerging from the recession, the stock market is still declining. Concerns over questionable corporate ethics and accounting scandals have handcuffed the market. While the productivity and consumption numbers continue to improve slowly, stock prices continue to drop. While investors continue to wait for the proverbial next shoe to drop on the stock market, the economy remains at a standstill. In the months ahead, many believe we will see a slow recovery. While recent GDP numbers were favourable, there is an expectation for slower growth going forward. However, 9/11 is not believed to be the primary cause of the more recent stock market decline. The primary drivers in the market today are accounting scandals, questions over corporate ethics, and the war on terrorism in both Afghanistan and possibly now Iraq. Weak unemployment numbers are also making investors apprehensive and to a certain extent, these nerves can be tied to 9/11. BA has shown a steady increase in turnover since 9/11 and there are no reasons to believe this upsurge will not continue. It is obviously affected by the economy though and a few years of growth would be greatly appreciated by all those in the airline industry. Societal/green: In terms of society BA needs top reflect changes in its consumer lifestyles. Current needs when it comes to flying are primarily centred around safety. To be competitive in the current climate BA need to not only spend billions on improving safety aspects and regulations, but also spend a fortune on advertising to let the public know what they are doing and that BA are among the market leaders when it comes to aircraft safety. Winning the publics confidence is probably more effective now in gaining customers than at any other time in history, so this area needs particular attention to detail. Environmental issues are still of great importance even in the present climate. Issues such as air pollution studies, fuel studies, health studies and noise pollution studies are all high on the agenda of competitors so it is vital BA are seen to be equally concerned about preserving the future of our planet. These issues can require a substantial budget, but money recouped through new consumers, and loyalty from existing consumers, should make the initial outlay soon look like a profitable investment. Technological: It is important for the image of a market leader such as BA to keep up to date with the latest technology. They are expected to have the fastest, most efficient, planes, the comfiest seats and the best service if they are to sustain their present market share and relatively expensive prices. The extra money made on the price is expected to go towards the extensive cost of maintaining such standards. However, in the wake of 9/11, extra emphasis has been placed on obtaining technology to improve passenger safety. Bigger budgets have been allocated to the safety aspect as airlines aim to restore passenger confidence in their airline since the New York terrorist attacks. Recovery in the Travel and Tourism Industry The behaviour of the TBR (Travel Business Roundtable) over the September period provides considerable insight into the sensitivity of the travel and tourism industry to external shocks. When thinking about the industrys recovery, it is also helpful to examine the past. Following the 1990-91 national recession, it took approximately one additional year for the travel and tourism industry to recover. This may be explained in part by the fact that the rebound in consumer confidence followed a most uneven pattern, involving sharp up-down swings lasting until the end of 1993. Similarly today, weak consumer confidence coupled with the uncertainty of safety as well as economic uncertainty, indicates that the recovery for the industry may take even longer than expected. To that end, TBR continues to support an economic stimulus package that addresses the needs of the travel and tourism industry and advocates action that will encourage people to travel now. Conclusion As things currently stand in the industry, no airline has taken a significant lead in attracting consumers back. This may be to do with the fact many are still sceptical about flying. Every airline must be at its most responsive to new ideas and improvements, at least until the industry as a whole has drifted out from underneath the giant public magnifying glass that has hovered for the last fourteen months. The market environment shows us what forces affect a business. It identifies these forces as either micro environment, macro environment ( both are external factors), or the internal environment (the marketing mix). It also illustrates which forces affect the consumer more directly than others. The market environment is always changing and it is vital any organisation is able to keep up with these changes. Marketers need to identify which environmental factors can be moulded to suit marketing strategies but also which strategies need to be altered to fit in with those factors that can not be. Failure to keep up with these changes and show unresponsive behaviour to the market can often lead to a drop in sales and loss of market share. In theory a responsive business is a successful business.