Diseases Cancer Clusters - 1397 Words

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013) defines cancer clusters as a larger than anticipated amount of similar cancer cases arising at a given time among members of a defined community. Cancer clusters present many challenges due to the complexity of the analytic process and the abundance of inquiries and concerns. Because the research and studies of cancer clusters in the United States have uncovered few conclusive determinants, many states are hesitant in dedicating excess resources and money to the meticulous processes. Seeing the issue of discovering potential environmental hazards as a priority, Maryland is employing a specifically appointed workgroup to process all community concerns to enforce serious†¦show more content†¦Without the knowledge of cases in specific areas, a potential cluster may be dismissed due to insufficient data. There should be further investigation in prevalent traits of the potential cluster to ensure safety (Penberthy et al. , 2012). Using the CDC’s guidelines, shaped by the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), as the basis for constructing legislation, each state has developed its own public health investigation response and analytic strategy regarding disease clustering (Kingsley et al., 2007). In Maryland, this was done through two legislative bills proposed to the Maryland General Assembly (GA) in the 2013 Regular Session, House Bill 1343 (HB1343) and Senate Bill 0380 (SB380). HB1343 and SB380 will help distinguish cancer clusters around the state of Maryland, and determine potential environmental factors contributing to cancer within a specific community. Amendments found in the Third Reading of both bills mandate the inclusion of the following members within the workgroup: one member of Maryland’s Senate, one member of the House of Delegates, representatives of local medical schools, patient-advocates, scientists, environmentalists, and at least one representative of a Maryland manufacturing company. This systematic group is responsible for submitting reports of its analyses and discoveries to the Governor and GA by June 30 of 2014, at which time the Department of Health and Medical Hygiene (DHMH) willShow MoreRelated Lung Cancer Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesBrief Description: Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is an uncontrollable increase of cells. It happens within the lung tissue, but it could also go on to affect other nearby tissue and spre ad to further out than just the lungs. Cellular / Molecular Basis: Lung cancer has two types; small cell and non small cell. 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The Catholic And Christian Marriages - 905 Words

Catholic and Christian marriages are very different in today’s society compared to many years ago. A traditional marriage is viewed differently in many ways, some of these changes are because of society. Such as many people do not view divorce as such a horrible act anymore, marriage is no longer just between a man and a woman, and many people find themselves getting married for the wrong reasons. Since these many changes have taken place the Christian and Catholic churches have converted many rules in order to conform to societal needs. Many years ago when a man and a woman got married, divorce was only allowed for a specific reason, since a marriage was supposed to be viewed as permanent. If a person was not safe in the relationship or if a partner was cheating, they could be granted a divorce. Although when divorce did happen, they could not get remarried as it was against the catholic and Christian religion. However in today’s society, many people get divorced for a ll types of reasons. As described by Dennis Rainey in an article titled What Does the Bible Say About Divorce? When is it Allowed? He states that â€Å"In our culture today many see divorce as a positive solution to a troubled marriage.† Many people will not stick around through a fight anymore, forcing people to just give up on a relationship and get divorced. Rainey also said that Harvard sociologist Armand Nicholi III concluded, â€Å"Divorce is not a solution, but an exchange of problems.† People also tend to notShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Christians View of Marriage1318 Words   |  6 PagesChristians View of Marriage Some Christians believe that marriage should be the ultimate relationship. When two people get married they make a vow to stay in a life long committed relationship. . 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Applied Sociology Welfare and Health

Question: Describe about the Applied Sociology for Welfare and Health. Answer: Task 1: An overview of the British welfare state will be discussed involving the history, origin and leadership of the government. The reasons for health inequalities in the growth of the welfare state in Britain will be discussed. The historical evidence which reflects the fact that the British society has witnessed a lot of problems in the late eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century will be illustrated. The nature f the welfare provision involving the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 and the various provisions would be discussed. The negative effects of the law and the consequences of the Boer war on health will be elaborately discussed. The Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntrees research conducted in London and York to observe the level of poverty will be discussed. The 1800's were a time of liberal reform in Britain. These reforms came as a result of two things: the French Revolution and the industrial revolution. The idea of Liberalism in Britain influenced politics and lead to reform. This concept will be discussed. The reasons for changes in the British society structure due to Jarrow March" which led a protest march against poverty and unemployment in Britain will be elaborated. The way Beveridge Report" impacted on the society and the mode of tackling the "Giant Evils" will be discussed. The various Laws implemented to bring about changes in the British welfare state will be illustrated. Then the two theories will be evaluated namely the Marxist theory and the Feminist theory. The impact of the two theories on the British society will be discussed. The Marxist approach adopted an exceedingly functionalist considerate of the welfare state will be elaborated. The theory intends to recognize the gender inequality and also inspects womens experience, interests, social responsibilities and feminist politics in the various sectors. This will be illustrated. Haralambos, social perspectives based on health inequalities will be illustrated. Registrar Generals Class Classification Scale will be outlined and the impact of social classifications leading to the differences in the lifestyle of class I and V will be illustrated. The differences that exist between the class I and V based on the food, education, medical remedies, alcohol consumption and housing amenities will be discussed. An outline of the European Standard Mortality Rates based on the coronary heart diseases and lung cancer will be discussed. The report on the mortality rate differences in various years will be discussed. The Black report will be discussed involving the Artefact explanation, social selection, behavioural model and material deprivation. The discussion will be based on the inequalities among class I and V related to coronary heart diseases and lung cancer. A conclusion will be discussed based on the ideas generated after the end of the report. The bibliography will be based on the references used in discussing the points using the Harvard style citation. Appendix will involve The Registrar Generals Class Classification Scale, and European Standard Mortality Rates and the Black Report. Task 2: Introduction- The term welfare state is a notion of government which allows the state to play a significant part in the shielding and growth of the monetary and social well-being of the community of the nation. The whole concept is dependent on the philosophy of equal distribution of wealth, equality of chance and community responsibility for a standard life. On considering Britain, the base of the welfare state originated with the Liberal Party under the rule of the government headed by Prime ministers David Lloyd George and H. H. Asquith (Savage et al. 2013). The United Kingdom is a unitary state which involves the central government to direct most of the activities of the government. According to Friedman and Miles (2013), the British system has been categorized as a liberal welfare state system. Over the last two hundred years, Britain has experienced reflective changes in the nature and degree of the state welfare. The historical evidence reflects the fact that the British society has witnessed a lot of problems in the end phase of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. This report highlights the nature of the British welfare state and how much impact it left on the development and the welfare provision regarding housing, health, education and etc. (Le Roux et al. 2012). Nature of State welfare provision - As stated by Mills (2014), the present social policies and welfare provision in Britain has connection and roots in the end phase of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. The British policies relating to the social structure was dominated completely by Poor Laws. It was first passed in the year 1598 and continued till 1948.The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 involved provisions for - The formation of overseers of assistance. An obligatory poor rate. Allowing the poor on work. Although the Law proposed was effective, there was no universal mechanism through which it could be enforced, and this law was inconsistent in certain areas. The social condition of Britain in that period involved modifications in the industrial revolution that caused growth in the town, rapid elevation in the population and initial experience of modern redundancy and the business cycle. Such extreme conditions lead to an elevation in the poor rates. The Poor Laws were not liked by the community (Savage et al. 2014). In terms of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntrees research conducted in London (1886-1903) and York (1899-1901) respectively, it was found that thirty percent of the people in London and thirty percent of the people in York were on positioned on the poverty line (Whelan et al. 2012). The Boer War reflected the illness and undernourishment among the labor classes and therefore developed a feeling of fear among the community for future generations being not able to uphold his military control of the Britain's empire. This war revealed the physical and mental consequences of poverty. The two factors that contributed to the poor condition of the soldiers were that the soldiers were not trained properly and were physically unprepared to face the war. Such conditions lead to high level of losses with regards to the British soldiers. Secondly, the policies such as scorched earth and also civilian internment devastated the civilian pool. Moreover, Germany appeared predominantly instructive for a lot of reasons. Both Britain and Germany were observed as conflicting poles amid industrialized and prosperous European nations. Although Germany, a late comer to industrialization, was a pioneer in wide-ranging schemes of state based social insurance, Britain being has industria lized sooner was held back. Moreover, the insurance system in Germany rapidly acquired recognition for generosity. As discussed me Mackenbach (2012), history reveals that Germany was strong in terms of military and economy. On the contrary, the British insurance system provided inadequate services. Such actions lead to an elevation in the poverty level (Bossert et al. 2013). The 1800's witnessed the liberal reform concept in Britain. The result of two revolutions lead to such reforms: the Industrial and French Revolution. The idea of Liberalism in Britain influenced politics and lead to reform. The major problem that existed in Britain in that era was that only men who owned some property had the right to participate in election, and wealthy landowners were elected to the "House of Commons." According to Scambler (2015), in 1900 the estimated population calculated that lived on the edge of poverty and starvation was found to be thirty percent. There lacked equality in the wealth and income. In the year 1906 the Liberal government introduced a numerous number of social reforms. The inclusions of this reform were free medical tests and treatment for pupils at school, workers were compensated for any sort of injuries at work, free meals were introduced in schools, and pension amount of five shillings was initiated for people over the age of seventy years. T he significant component of the reform was introduced in the year 1911 in the form of National Insurance Act that provided insurance for the working class people in time of sickness and also unemployment benefit was also introduced in certain sectors (Carter-Harris et al. 2014). The Liberal reform was on the verge of attaining success but e consequences of the first and Second World War lead to poverty and the outbreak of diseases. The Boer War made Britain realized that the country has very few friends. During this period Jarrow March led a protest march against poverty and unemployment in Britain. Such activities brought about a lot of changes in the structure of the British society. Britain needed such reforms in order to renovate the whole country against the disastrous effect of the world war. This march continued for twenty six days where the people who participated carried a petition requesting the British government to re-establish of new industry in the city. This march resulted in few immediate outcomes. In the duration of eighty years around one thousand ships were launched in the town Jarrow (Lebel et al. 2013). During the foundation of the welfare state in the United Kingdom, an influential document was produced commonly known as the Beveridge Report. This report was a part of the Social Insurance and Allied Services report of 1942. As stated by Munson and Saulnier (2014), this report was published in the middle of the war and according to the documents it promised to reward those who have sacrificed during those crucial periods. It was in the form of a post-war reform and was the basis of the Welfare State. This was leaded by the Liberal economist named William Beveridge who recognized five major Giant Evils in the society. The evils involved squalor, want, ignorance, diseases and idleness. In order to address the five evils a proper system of unemployment and sickness was required. The welfare state was established to fight against the five giant evils. Beveridge aimed to break the cycle of poverty which was the cause of insufficient shelter and restricted work ability of the members. The system involved National Health Service, full time employment policy and also family allowance. The reform got a structure when the Labour Party in the year 1945 won the general election and promised to address the five evils of the society. Recommendations were put into practice through a succession of acts of parliament such as the National Insurance Act, the National Health Service Act and National Assistance Act and beginning the contemporary welfare state. Some of the major implementation of the reform was pension policies for the elderly people, supply of milk and meals in the schools; emergency healthcare services were introduced and improvement in the diets of poor families. These provisions lead to a dramatic change in the social and economical condition of the country (Shilling, C., 2012). Theories of Welfare (a) Marxist theory: The Marxist theory refers to an approach to bring about welfare for the working classes. This theory is completely based on the philosophy of Karl Marx. Marxism has a multiple doctrine with a broad range of opinions involving an analytical framework which is critical of the capitalist society. If functionalism emphasized the constructive role that welfare spending had to participate in order to confirm the smooth performance of industrial society, a Marxist approach, while also accepting a superior functionalist thought of the welfare state, emphasized as an alternative that welfare expending was a opposing course which formed tendencies towards social, political and economic crisis (Hesse-Biber 2012). The welfare state which emerged in the highly developed capitalist society aids both in confirming the perseverance, constancy and regimented operation of the financial system and the welfare state established the connection of community and social classes and the preservation of social order. The main beliefs of the Marxist theory put down the common, negative restrictions of this autonomy. Some Marxists argued that the free health service is a victory for the working class. Marxist reasons set poverty in the situation of the class arrangement, purposely the association of social assembly inside a capitalist system of financial manufacture in which there were the oppressed and the exploiters (Hesse-Biber 2012). A key statement of the Marxist viewpoint is that material manufacture is the most basic of all human activities. These involved human necessities like food, clothing and shelter in a survival financial system, to the accumulation manufacturing of merchandise in contemporary capitalist societies.During this period of war, Britain has experienced a middle way situation with capitalism was on one side and communism on the other. The direction of this advances enhanced the welfare activities such as health care and income maintenance. (Hesse-Biber 2012) Criticism - The Marxists theory believed that the state first needs to be transformed and sooner or later overcome. There were two problems related to the principles of this theory firstly, it is not possible to transform the state and secondly, a society cannot exist without state power. (b) Feminist theory: The Feminist theory is a philosophical and theoretical extension of feminism. The theory intends to recognize the gender inequality and also inspects womens experience, interests, social responsibilities and feminist politics in the various sectors. As discussed by Hay (2016), the theory explores the themes such as discrimination, oppression, objectification, art, history and stereotyping. Beveridges view was mostly in accord with those of the bulk of the organized womens movement in Britain in between the years the 1930s and 1940s. For example, the socialist feminist, failed to take into contemplation that the national insurance system approved by Britain also discriminate against several other pools in society, that the Beveridge Report was basically defective because it failed to concentrate on class inequalities. Feminist theories from the 1970s have made a considerable and lasting contribution to the British welfare state. Since, this was a non-insured advantage, paid for out of common taxation, it unavoidably destined that many unconfirmed women were questioned to humiliating means-tests which were awkwardly evocative of the old Poor Law. The turning point was observed from the 1980s and little development had been made. Around sixty percent of all adults sketching means-tested reimbursement were female. With the advent of 1980s slight progress was made. Almost sixty per cent of all adults who took means-tested remunerations were female. Furthermore, in the post-war years, the rising number of single parent mothers who received revenue support became uncovered to the charge of being welfare mothers and of being the producers of an under class. With the advent of the 19th century, which was the age of the reformist many changes took place such as new law was passed which made divorce a civil affair of the court, protection for both the upper and lower classes, more career options were introduced along with the removal of the challenges, etc. (Henry 2013). Criticism The feminists have stressed on the social control and also the authoritarian nature of the welfare state policies. There were two notions one represented that gender played an important role in shaping the welfare state, while the other represented female as a supreme power in the development of the welfare state. These two notions gave birth to the differences rather than equality among the feminist society. Impact of health In the year 1913 the Registrar-Generals Social Classes were introduced and it was renamed in the year 1990 as Social Class based on Occupation. The society was classified into classes class I (professionals), II (managerial and technical occupations), III (skilled non-manual), IV (partly-skilled) and V (unskilled). The classification was based on the occupational skills (Beveridge 2014). Refer to table 1 According to Haralambos, social perspectives is that a persons chances of obtaining those things defined as desirable and avoiding those things defined as undesirable in their society. According to Rugg, (2014), the class I members they had more education thus their lifestyle was much better in terms of health, housing and welfare. High numbers of doctors, engineers and nurses were seen in the class I group. In contrary due to lack of education, their health and standard of living were low. The amenities of the housing also differed in terms of class I and V. Regarding food the class V people due to lack of money survived on the low nutrition food or consumed cheaper amount of food, whereas the Class I community feed on high nutrition and costly foods. This resulted in health deterioration in class V. The Class I community were financially stable thus could adopt for health regime, whereas, the class V community could not adopt such policies due to lack of money. Social circumstances lead to the exposure of drinking and cheap tobacco consumption in the class V community. To the contrary, class I members used high quality drinks or tobacco. The Standard death rate (SDR) is a standard measurement of the rate of death of a population against standard age distribution. According to SDR there exist a statistical difference in the mortality between class I and V based on lung cancer marked between1986-92. In terms of lung cancer, stroke and coronary heart disease it has been observed that the mortality rate decreased steadily among class I population. While for class V members the mortality rate decreased but the amount was quite less. On the contrary, the data collected from 1970 to 1993 revealed that the accident level and suicidal case was much more in class V members that class I which accounted to 22 between the years 1991 to 1993. This was a rise from the statistics of 1970 to 1972 which was 15 (Englander 2013). Analysis of theories and health inequalities The Skadon Mavron Report is also known as the Black Report was a document published in the year 1980. The document demonstrated that there has been an improvement in the health observed with the introduction of the welfare state. The Artefact explanation states that the inequalities are the outcome of inappropriate statistics and meaning of the social class. Social class is the notion that relates to the stratification of the society depending on financial and social status. The main significance of social class is that such classification affects the rewards and opportunities of an individual. The social classes can be measured based on the education, health, disability and race. According to the Artefact explanation, the main reason of health inequality was found to be economic inequality. Based on the report of table 2, it can be concluded that suicide, injuries and health problems were more prevalent among the members of class V than I due to financial crisis and inequality in me dical facility. The report reflected that the death rate of the social class V men were twice that of the social class I men (Englander 2013). The natural/social selection states that the life status of the people is the reason behind their bad health condition. The status of the lower level people is preventing them from maintaining and obtaining higher-ranking jobs. In Black report, it is observed that the death rate is more in social class V as compared to social class I in relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Lung Cancer. According to this explanation, the differences in death rates between these two classes are due to their life styles, professional life and life style (Henry 2013). In the social class V, the life status is very low as compared to the class I. The Behavioral/Cultural Explanation states that people in the lower class do not look after themselves due to their cultural and behavioral attributes. This reason leads to poor health conditions. In Black report, it is observed that the death rate is more in social class V as compared to social class I in relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Lung Cancer. The reasons behind their differences are their behavioral characteristics. For example, the people of social class V are not having regular medical checkups, are not following healthy lifestyles and healthy diets (Englander 2013). Due to these reasons, they get affected easily through lung cancer and coronary heart diseases. Their negligence leads them to the deaths. This is not observed in social class I. The Material Deprivation Explanation states that certain materialistic and structural factors are responsible for giving rise to poor health conditions in lower class level. In Black report, it is observed that the death rate is more in social class V as compared to social class I in relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Lung Cancer. According to the explanation, the reasons behind this differentiation are depression, stress, dangerous working environments, inadequate housing, subsequent poor diet, and restricted access to good quality health care, low childcare practices and low diet (Ramsay et al. 2014). Due to these reasons, they get affected easily through lung cancer and coronary heart diseases. Their negligence leads them to excess drinking and smoking. According to the author, the behavioral and cultural explanation can explain the inequalities in better way. As this explanation states that, the differentiation is observed because of their behavioral characteristics. In between the years 1970 to 1972, Decennial Supplement of Occupational Mortality (OCPS) reported that men belonging to the social class V, who are unskilled were twice more prone to die before the age of sixty-five as those in professional social class I. The young ones in the families of the social class V were twice more prone to coronary disease and lung cancer than those in social class I. The reason behind this is that the worker class possessed less economy for treatment (Digby, A., 1982). Refer to table 3 There exist social class disparities in health detrimental or health development behaviors like the dietary choices, tobacco and alcohol, active free time pursuits, and employ of contraception, antenatal services, and immunization.Furthermore, assessments of interventions that seek to change health behaviors have rarely found clear-cut improvements in health that would be predicted by the behavioral model. The low economic condition, stress, knowledge lead them to being addicted of certain drugs. That led to the deterioration of the health condition in class V that class I. For example, tobacco consumption caused lung cancer, and low diet and stress lead to coronary diseases (Scott-Samuel et al. 2014). As stated by Di Cesare et al. (2013), poverty renders individuals to health risks. Disadvantaged individuals of class V were more probable to reside in sectors in which they are uncovered to harm like the moist shelter and air pollution. The Black Report established materialist elucidations to be significant in amplification of social class dissimilarities in health among communities. There was little precise proof for materialist explanations. For example air pollution was the causative agent for the development of lung cancer (Ramsay et al. 2014). Conclusion - On considering Britain, the base of the welfare state originated with the Liberal Party under the rule of the government headed by Prime ministers David Lloyd George and H. H. Asquith. The impact of the Poor Law passed on 1601 reflects the pros and cons of the welfare state. In the year 1913 the Registrar-Generals Social Classes were introduced and it was renamed in the year 1990 as Social Class based on Occupation. With the reforms based on the Marxist and Feminist theory in Britain in the 1800s and 1900s respectively experienced changes in the social welfare structure of Britain. The research conducted by Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntrees d in London (1886-1903) and York (1899-1901) respectively helped to recognize the economic status of the country. The introduction of the Registrar-Generals Social Classes in 1913 divided the society into five classes depending on the community occupation. The Black Report was a document published in the year 1980 which demonstrated that there has been an improvement in the health observed with the introduction of the welfare state. Thus it can be concluded that the theme of most welfare histories is 'the coming of the welfare state' as though all previous forms of welfare were temporary and incomplete, that it was inevitable Britain's welfare should be ultimately dominated by state provision, and that, somehow, the journey is now at an end. Bibliography: Beveridge, W.H., 2014.Full Employment in a Free Society (Works of William H. Beveridge): A Report(Vol. 6). Routledge. Bossert, W., Chakravarty, S.R. and D'Ambrosio, C., 2013. Multidimensional poverty and material deprivation with discrete data.Review of Income and Wealth,59(1), pp.29-43. Carter-Harris, L., Weaver, M.T., Schreiber, J.A., Rawl, S.M. and Hermann, C.P., 2014. Lung cancer stigma predicts timing of medical help-seeking in individuals with lung cancer. Di Cesare, M., Khang, Y.H., Asaria, P., Blakely, T., Cowan, M.J., Farzadfar, F., Guerrero, R., Ikeda, N., Kyobutungi, C., Msyamboza, K.P. and Oum, S., 2013. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses.The Lancet,381(9866), pp.585-597. Digby, A., 1982.The Poor Law in Nineteenth Century England and Wales(Vol. 104). Historical association. Englander, D., 2013.Poverty and Poor Law Reform in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 1834-1914: From Chadwick to Booth. Routledge. Hay, J.R., 2016.Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906-14. Springer. Hay, J.R., 2016.Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906-14. Springer. Henry, R., 2013. Point of view-Advocacy can bring parity to survival rates.Cancer Nursing Practice (through 2013),12(10), p.10. Hesse-Biber, S.N., 2012.Handbook of feminist research: Theory and praxis. Sage. Jackson, P. and Neely, A.H., 2015. Triangulating health Toward a practice of a political ecology of health.Progress in Human Geography,39(1), pp.47-64. Le Roux, B., Friedman, S., Miles, A., Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Taylor, M., Li, Y. and Hjellbrekke, J., 2012 A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class. Lebel, S., Feldstain, A., McCallum, M., Beattie, S., Irish, J., Bezjak, A. and Devins, G.M., 2013. Do behavioural self-blame and stigma predict positive health changes in survivors of lung or head and neck cancers?.Psychology health,28(9), pp.1066-1081. Mackenbach, J.P., 2012. The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: the explanation of a paradox.Social science medicine,75(4), pp.761-769. Mills, C., 2014. The great British class fiasco: A comment on Savage et al.Sociology, p.0038038513519880. Munson, C. and Saulnier, C.F., 2014.Feminist theories and social work: Approaches and applications. Routledge. Ramsay, S.E., Morris, R.W., Whincup, P.H., Papacosta, A.O., Lennon, L.T. and Wannamethee, S.G., 2014. Time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality: results from a 35 year prospective study in British men.BMC cancer,14(1), p.1. Rugg, J., 2014. Poverty and social exclusion.Twentieth-century Britain: economic, cultural and social change, pp.308-322. Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Friedman, S., Laurison, D., Miles, A., Snee, H. and Taylor, M., 2014. On social class, anno 2014.Sociology, p.0038038514536635. Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Taylor, M., Li, Y., Hjellbrekke, J., Le Roux, B., Friedman, S. and Miles, A., 2013. A new model of social class? Findings from the BBCs Great British Class Survey experiment.Sociology,47(2), pp.219-250. Scambler, G., 2015. Critical realism, sociology and health inequalities: social class as a generative mechanism and its media of enactment.Alethia. Scott-Samuel, A., Bambra, C., Collins, C., Hunter, D.J., McCartney, G. and Smith, K., 2014. The impact of Thatcherism on health and well-being in Britain.International Journal of Health Services,44(1), pp.53-71. Shilling, C., 2012.The body and social theory. Sage. Whelan, C.T. and Matre, B., 2012. Understanding material deprivation: A comparative European analysis.Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,30(4), pp.489-503.

Knowledge Should Be a Free and Not a Commodity in a Contemporary

Question: 1.Critically Discuss This Assertion And Explain Its Consequence For The Knowledge Production And Distribution? 2.What Are The Key Market Failures Surrounding Investment In Innovation? Answer: 1. Knowledge should be a free and not a commodity. In a contemporary society, knowledge is considered to be a long-termed process that enables a person to perform tasks. Knowledge is considered to be a basic prerequisite and something that is intrinsic in nature. It is an intensified recognition and considered as a corporate asset that provides greatest competitive advantage. According to Altbach (2015) knowledge is considered to be of economic advantage and meaningful resource that establishes and treats the knowledge management. From the content perspective, knowledge is viewed as codified and stored repositories that allow knowledge to be retained and shared. Arguably, knowledge should be considered to be a free-floating entity that is understood as provisional, relational and primarily text-bounded. From this perspective, knowledge is considered to be process of knowing and the ability of an individual to act (Filieri and Alguezaui 2014). From the content perspective of epistemological standpoint, knowledge is treated as a commodity that can be easily exchanged between people and managed independently by the knower. However, knowledge should be treated away from commodity and as an independent free asset. It is unquestionable and human related that works towards the benefit of people that acts knowledgeable. Arguably, from the relational perspective, it seems to deny knowledge as a substantiate commodity whatsoever. In the view of relational writers, knowledge is limited to social relations that give a narrow view of knowledge (Jacob 2014). The technocentric content view treats the knowledge as commodity that is easily transported and can be exchanged between organizations. In addition, anthropocentric view treats knowledge as a pure subtle, tacit and based on experience. It also views knowledge as a manipulation of the social relations. It is frequently used with information and viewed as textual content (Antonelli and David 2015). Knowledge should not be considered as commodity and it is inexpensive, free and easy to achieve. In todays world, knowledge is viewed as a raw material that is economic and easily accessible. However, knowledge is awareness, familiarity or understanding of something or someone. It is a collection of facts, descriptions, information or skills that are acquired through education or experience via discovering, learning or perceiving. It is not a commodity and a theoretical understanding of a subject. It is the interpretation of data that is free and intrinsic in nature. In contrast, in todays world, knowledge acts as a fuel that runs the organizational economy and gain benefits (Hausmann 2013). In todays world, the scenario of knowledge production and distribution is changing. New technologies and agents are diversifying the traditional methods of knowledge production and distribution. Knowledge is a fictitious commodity that substantiates economy and called knowledge-based commodity. The distribution of knowledge is via formal and informal ways that are the essential components for economic performance. It is increasingly codified and transmitted through the information technology, communication networks and computers called the information society. There is requirement of skills and adaption to codified knowledge that is required in tacit knowledge that is the underlying reason for the continuous learning. In the era of knowledge-driven economy, innovation is driven via the interactions between the users and producers where they exchange codified and tacit knowledge (Machlup 2014). Information technology is related to knowledge, media and computer networking. The intensit y of knowledge or information is related to the efficient production of knowledge. Media technology increases the production and distribution of knowledge that becomes accessible through data based networking that interplays between users and producers. The distribution of knowledge in a economy based approach is the possession of knowledge and applying it to solve a problem. It is an aggravated collective distribution of knowledge where the knowledgeable people unite in a community to solve a problem with the help of information technologies and media (Machlup 2014). 2. Innovation is a process where new ideas that hold social and economic value It acts as a instrument that aids in delivering the productivity and economic benefits that are associated with investments and development of key innovative tools. It is a way to tackle the major social challenges and improve the quality of life (Tirole 2015). Investment in innovative technologies is a risky process. It has uncertain outcomes and requires a large amount of funding. Therefore, in the process of investing in innovation, there are key market failures that affect the mechanism process. The failures include knowledge or technological spillovers, appropriability and public goods, network or coordination failures and imperfect asymmetric information (Bleda and Del Rio 2013). Knowledge or technological spillovers is the process of end result while undertaking innovation. For example, the product is the end result of an innovation that is capable to generate positive externalities. However, from a private market perspective, innovative projects are unprofitable and might be capable of drawing large social benefits, so it is considered to be a market failure and withdrawn (Barbaroux 2014). Appropriability and public goods are another market failure. For example, the ideas and knowledge are non-excludable and people cannot be excluded to avail the benefits that are generated from innovation. It is not possible for the people to pay individually for the availed benefit from innovation and as a result, the private firms give up the innovative projects (Mazzucato 2016). Network failures or lack of coordination is another failure, however, the private firms does not invest in innovation alone. This leads to problems that have an adverse effect on the coordination of the companies while interaction or during the delivery of innovation. For example, in research and development, there are number of problems that arise due to difficulties in coordination between the companies. There is also problems that give rise to inadequate access by the smaller companies to the innovation system (Fagerberg, Martin and Andersen 2013). Asymmetric or imperfect information is a major failure that affects the financial markets investing in innovation. Funding is the major issue that is required in large amounts to invest in innovation as it is risky with unpredictable outcomes. For example, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) who are engaged in high-tech innovative projects may find it difficult to get funding for the proposed information. Innovative projects are greatly harmed by market failures and there is requirement of innovative policies or schemes that make innovation sub-optimal and interventions that are formed in a way that has a possibility to increase the innovation level. An innovation policy is required to be developed by the economists in the light and encouragement in the path of innovation. The Innovation Policy that is developed by the World Bank Group and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provides a platform that provides easy access to the learning sources, knowledge, practice of design with implementation and evaluation of the policy. It helps the udders to learn the operation of innovation systems with good practices, statistical benchmarking and application of solutions to policy problems. It helps in the facilitation of knowledge, its exchange and collaboration between the regions and countries. Innovation policy in Australia is developed from the national innovation system (NIS) perspective that addresses the notions in market failure that focuses on public sector commercialization and in the international emulation (Lember, Kattel and Kalvet 2014). This policy adopts the NIS framework by the national government s and policy organizations at the international level. Innovation policy is a form of public action that encompasses the research and development policy, infrastructure policy, technology policy, educational and regional policy that focuses on every aspect of innovation apart from science and technology. It helps to address the market failures in key innovation that makes the efficient use of knowledge. The objectives of this policy are to address the productivity and economic growth, competitiveness and increased employment. Innovation policy intervention helps to balance the activities of markets and governments in the path of innovation. Moreover, in Australia, the free market trajectory addressed in policy-making is being complemented, extended and focused to complex-evolutionary system thinking and coordination (McCann and Ortega-Argils 2013). This innovation policy addresses the market failure and the policy makers are focused on the incorporation and continuation of the science and research instead of demand driven approaches. References Altbach, P., 2015. Knowledge and education as international commodities.International higher education, (28). Antonelli, C. and David, P., 2015.The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge Driven Economy. Routledge. Barbaroux, P., 2014. From market failures to market opportunities: managing innovation under asymmetric information.Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,3(1), p.5. Bleda, M. and Del Rio, P., 2013. The market failure and the systemic failure rationales in technological innovation systems.Research policy,42(5), pp.1039-1052. Fagerberg, J., Martin, B.R. and Andersen, E.S. eds., 2013.Innovation studies: evolution and future challenges. OUP Oxford. Filieri, R. and Alguezaui, S., 2014. Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?.Journal of Knowledge Management,18(4), pp.728-757. Hausmann, R., 2013. The Tacit Knowledge Economy.Project Syndicate. Available at: https://www. project-syndicate. org/commentary/ricardo-hausmann-on-the-mental-sourcesof-productivity-growth (accessed 30 October 2013). Jacob, M.C., 2014. The first knowledge economy.Cambridge Books. Lember, V., Kattel, R. and Kalvet, T., 2014. Public procurement, innovation and policy.International Perspectives. Machlup, F., 2014.Knowledge: its creation, distribution and economic significance, Volume I: Knowledge and knowledge production(Vol. 1). Princeton University Press. Machlup, F., 2014.Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution and Economic Significance, Volume III. Princeton University Press. Mazzucato, M., 2016. From market fixing to market-creating: a new framework for innovation policy.Industry and Innovation,23(2), pp.140-156. McCann, P. and Ortega-Argils, R., 2013. Modern regional innovation policy.Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society,6(2), pp.187-216. Tirole, J., 2015. Market failures and public policy.American Economic Review,105(6), pp.1665-82.

Project Management of tree planting

Introduction A project is a task that is aimed at accomplishing certain personal need or community need in the society. It may be aimed at raising some money or generating employment chances. It can as well be initiated to pre-occupy an individual’s leisure time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management of tree planting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Projects are activities that require too much attention and time involvement. Resources such as time, money and labor are invested into project work in order to realize the success of the named project. Project management Project management is the detailed process of allocating resources that aid in the running and success of a project. It involves record keeping, financial management and balancing the supply of the resources used in running the project. It is the careful planned efforts aimed at accomplishing certain specific tasks. Projects are e stablished with an aim or mission to be achieved. This dictates the management process since the mission gives the general purpose of the project. The objectives of the project are spelt out in the management plan of the individual involved. Strategic planning is used to draw future projections of the project. The quality and success of a project is defined by the achievement of its goals and objectives. Plans highlight the framework of the detailed components that a project is set to deliver, it also maps out the tasks that have to be accomplished. The duration of the tasks and the requirements is also stipulated in the strategic plan. Tree planting project A basic example of a project of tree planting projective which I took part in my community involved planting genius trees. These are indigenous trees and mature early within a period of about four to five years. This was initiated to improve the environment and provide the youth with some employment. The project involved raising seedlings and selling them to people. Having been in the management team of the tree planting project, I realized management is such a challenging task. Proper management of resources requires insight on the project requirements and the allocation of the time and other aspects of management.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of the working frame involving the organization of the tree planting management requires critical analysis of the strengths of the projects and the individuals involved in the implementation of the tasks. The daily activities of the project included deciding and implementing the goals of the organization, this involved assessing daily reports of the state of the project. The market analysis of the seedlings and the progress of the seedlings in the nurseries were done on daily and weekly basis respectively. The allocation of duties on the manage ment of the nurseries was done by sub-dividing the tasks into smaller tasks such as weeding, watering and application of the manure and fertilizers to the seedlings. External factors were put into consideration such as the demand of the seedlings and the environmental conditions. Success of the project During the rainy season the tree planting project was boosted due to abundant supply of water. There was a proper organization of the tasks involved in the daily management and raising seedlings. The demand of seedling was higher during this season due to the assumed higher probability of the seedlings to survive and mature to more productive resources. Problems encountered Lack of water to wet soil for sustained growth of the seedlings during the dry season caused the project a major blow. However, this was a natural phenomenon. The management was meant to devise a method to create daily watering routine to be done every day. Managing was hard due to lack of enough personnel and qual ity watering time. Lessons learned Management requires full attention in order to make the project successful. This is achieved in the long run when duties are fully catered for. Proper planning will help in achieving the goals of the organization. Good analysis of the external factors is important in projecting the prospects of the organizations projects. Conclusion Project management is an important aspect of leadership that requires attention on the critical issues of analysis and plan development, and implementation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management of tree planting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Project Management of tree planting was written and submitted by user Brantley Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Royal Disease (Hemophilia) essays

The Royal Disease (Hemophilia) essays The Royal Disease is hemophilia. It is sometimes called by this name because it afflicted many royal families. The National Hemophilia Foundation or NHF states that, This is because Queen Victoria, Queen of England from 1837 to 1901, was a carrier. She passed the disease on to several royal families (b. p.1). Her son Leopold had hemophilia and died of a brain hemorrhage. It was also passed into the Russian, Spanish, and German royal families because Queen Victorias daughters married into them. Not everyone knows what this disease is. It is not widely known exactly how it works or what all the symptoms are. There are treatments for this disease but not all are completely safe ones. Attitudes towards hemophilia vary, so do the attitudes of actual hemophiliacs. Hemophilia can be a very disabling disease with painful symptoms and harsh treatments. Hemophilia is a blood disorder. It is caused by a deficiency in clotting factors. Clotting factors are what make it possible for a person to stop bleeding once a blood vessel has been severed. There are two types of hemophilia. Hemophilia A is caused by low or complete absence of factor VIII [Roman numeral for 8] clotting protein. Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas Disease after Steven Christmas who died ultimately from it. It is caused by a lack or absence of factor IX [9]. Hemophilia B is the less common of the two. Hemophilia is largely an inherited disease but not always. Approximately 70% of people with hemophilia A or B inherited the disease, while the remaining 30% develop hemophilia due to a spontaneous genetic mutation (Carson-DeWitt, 1999 p. 1). It is inherited on the X chromosome. Remember that females have XX and males have XY. That is why hemophilia occurs almost exclusively in males, and affects one in 10,000 of the general population (1 in 3000 male births) (Eva tt, Gibbs, Lewis, and McArthur, 1992 p. 12). Females with an infected X...

IT for Creating Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT for Creating Value - Essay Example This paper shows how information technology plays an important role in creating business value. Competitive advantage through innovation At the present, organizations could be able to get a competitive advantage by renovating their business processes through information technology based arrangements. In fact, the new technology based systems are more effective and accurate for the management of business issues and aspects. In addition, the information technology based system offer an excellent support for effective business processing and operational management. Moreover, the innovation brought by new technology based systems offers superior competitive edge to businesses. In this scenario, businesses are able to market, sell, and take decision by means of these IT based systems (Ramkrishnan R, 2004). Financial Value In more formal words, a primary description of the concept of value could be that each economic actor desires to increase their business profits. Thus, in this scenario, the value is recognized as financial worth, could be built by increasing profits. Consequently increasing the business value through information technology based could be determined by augmenting the business earnings. In addition, increasing the business investment in information technology offers an excellent support to the business as a result it increases business value and performance. Moreover, the use of information technology allows the organizations to reduce overall corporate manual processing operations that also leads to better performance (Stahl, 2002). Enhancing Business Value The new technology based systems also offer an excellent support for business decision making. These decisions are foundational upon the values and decisions about the IT are no immunity to this rule. Though, the most important and valuable thing in company is money or economic value. However, yet in business decisions a lot of values apart from money perform a vital role and indeed yet financia l value could typically be assessed to have a moral side to it. The same can be stated for IT. In addition, the design and use of information technology are extremely reliant upon on fundamental value that could be of an economic or moral or some other nature. It is able to be stated that the diverse values are exchangeable to a confident degree. Moreover, the complexity about the decisions foundational on values comes into view when there are numerous values that have to be recognized however these values do not provide similar results that is when values approach in conflict. In this scenario, one usual reason of clash happens between financial and moral values. Though, it is not seen that moral and financial values conflict unequivocally. Typically these issues could be stated as conflicts between moral or between financial values also (Prasad, 2008). References Prasad, A. (2008). Information Technology and Business Value in Developing Economics: A Study of Intangible Benefits of Information Technology Investments in Fiji. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, Volume 34 Issue 2, pp. 1-11. Ramkrishnan R, S. (2004). Information Technology: Value Creator or Commodity? Retrieved October 27, 2011, from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=948 Stahl, B. C. (2002). The Moral and Business Value of Information Technology. Retrieved October 26, 2011, from http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~bstahl/publications/2002_Moral_and_Business_Value.pdf Sward, D. (2011).